Essay on A Look at Various Leadership Styles - 1137 Words

There has been debate over what constitutes a leader so there is no wonder that the styles of leaders vary. Leaders must be able to motivate, mentor, coach and inspire others to reach organizational goals. Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Medina, 2011). All leaders of effective groups have four characteristics in common. First, they provide direction and meaning to the people they are leading and are responsible for keeping team members aware of important stated goals and objectives (Howard, 2005). Second, they generate trust by acting in an honest manner that creates an environment of trust (Howard, 2005). Third, they prefer action and risk taking and are†¦show more content†¦I currently manage a total of twenty-seven employees and have three who directly report to me. There are twenty-four who are at the other branches and are mostly managed via e-mail, memos and an occasional visit from me. The three in my office are quite diverse, Ann, a recently married young mother, Linda, a near retirement age older lady and Rohan, a recently immigrated Hindu young man. It is necessary to be participative in my style of leadership and use emotional intelligence to manage my relationships with them in a mature and constructive way. I must listen to their needs and we come to a solution without having a negative impact on their daily workload. My transactional leadership style is used with all three employees but I have to rely on it mostly with Ann, my youngest employee. Consistently her role as a dispatch clerk must be clarified and reiterated. She is not an employee who responds well when her mistakes are exposed, but responds best when she is shown how to accomplish the goal and correct her errors. I have learned that I have to monitor her progress toward goal achievement or she will miss the mark. Her rewards are in direct relation to her accomplishments, and when she misses the go als, we come up with new strategies to achieve them. Now years later, I understand that in order to motivate her, I must use different tactics that respond to her willingness to make goals but her inability to achieve those goals on her own. Linda is anShow MoreRelatedWeek 7 Leadership Paper1424 Words   |  6 Pages Synthesis Paper: Leadership RES -811 April 22, 2015 Leadership Paper This paper will create a dialogue concerning the following articles and synthesis them to generate a discussion of the common themes that run throughout them, as well as understanding the conclusion of all three articles when taken as one entity. Article 1: Fearless Dominance and the U.S. Presidency: Implications of PsychopathicPersonality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership by S.O. Lilienfeld, IRead MoreCompany Analysis : Pepsico And Coca Cola1471 Words   |  6 PagesGuyette Introduction Various organizations around the world have a lot of share in the market. These organizations try to make sure that, they work in such a manner that, they have a competitive advantage in the market. Here, in the present paper, the discussion shall include two organizations. The first organization is PepsiCo and the second organization considered here is Coca Cola. These organizations are in the beverage industry and also provide various kinds of food products to theRead MoreLeadership Scale For Sports Developed By Chelladurai And Saleh1274 Words   |  6 Pages Leadership has an impactful presence on the participation of sport. Various leadership styles and tendencies are displayed by coaches and administrators and we look to examine how these dimensions of leadership correlate with participant responsiveness, satisfaction, and motivation. 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According to him, there are various kinds of supervisors and employees, but the mostRead MoreLeadership Styles And Staff Retention1156 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Title The working title of this research is initially drafted as – Leadership Styles and Staff Retention: How leadership styles affect staff retention? 2.0 Background of the Study Leadership is an incremental component that centers the existence, survival and functioning of any group or organisation. Indeed, the organisations recognise that their success is highly-dependent upon the quality and effectiveness of this dimension. There are two main functions that leaders are bounded to performRead MoreThe Elements Of Leadership And Management Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pages There are various tools such as character traits, influence, persuasion, and change which can help an effective leader manage. A manger/leader should be prepared to persuade and influence others by using their character traits. 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That is mostly likely that when you research leadership traits you come across various opinions; among themRead MoreLeadership Goals And Strengths And Weaknesses1214 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership theories in and of themselves carry negative and positives characteristics. Within the various theories lie strengths and weaknesses that when applied to complex problems can highlight each one respectively. As I examine a few theories, I will look at the strengths and weaknesses of each and determine when and with which situation would these theories best be utilized. Collective leadership or distributive leadership, and leader-member exchange are both theories that incorporate specificRead MoreThe 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. The texts that I read in courses throughout the program influenced me greatly. One of my favorite texts was Covey’s, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective people. Ever since, I have been working on those habits and have found them to be very effective in my leadership role. The 7 Habits of Highly Effecti ve People (Covey, 2004), the author discussed how effective leaders habits lead to grow from dependenceRead MoreVisionary Leadership : Vision And Values Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesVisionary Leadership Visionary leadership focuses on encouraging people to believe, and helping them carry out the vision of the organization. According to Tompkins, Visionary leadership theory holds that those in position of responsibility must develop a clear vision of organizational success, articulate the values by which success will be achieved, symbolize vision and values in everything they do, and inspire organizational members to adopt the vision and values as their own (Tompkins, 2005).

The Problem Of Human Trafficking - 982 Words

The answer when it comes to what leads a runaway child to being trafficked, why the runaways do not seek help, and if the runaways should be punished in the eyes of the law, is simple at best. These issues are not sugar coated, they are not for the faint of heart, and they will make you fear for your safety or your child’s safety. The children deserve to be loved, they deserve to have justice brought against their perpetrators, and they deserve to have people to turn towards. Human trafficking is a disturbing epidemic that is sweeping across our nations, seeping through the cracks of our houses, and stealing the innocence away from our children. I would like to say that it is very hard to lure a child into this growing, sickening hype. Yet, it is very easy to grasp the emotions of a runaway and lead them to believe that trafficking is a new and exciting way to better themselves. A runaway is already in a disturbed mental status or she would have not resorted to leaving her hom e in the first place. She is possibly being abused at home or is coming from a poverty-stricken family. She also may have a boyfriend who is telling her that he has a life for her that is a great and exciting proposition. If she does not have a boyfriend then she could meet a stranger on the street who tells her the same. She is depressed, lonely, and looking for love. Therefore, this seems like a great idea to her. Yet, when she is faced with the reality of what the job actually entails, she is leftShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthese problems. Taking a closer look at an ongoing issue highly prevalent in our world today, it is easy to see that other issues feed off it, and can contribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. 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The people of Bangladesh are in needRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic human trafficking, mostly everyone knows that it has a lot of history to its name. According to ben skinner, â€Å" there are more slaves in the world today then ever before†(E. Benjamin pg. xi). There have been many inci dents and cases with human trafficking such as, sex trade, smuggling, violence, etc. Today, one can show how real is Human Trafficking. This paper details the big enigma exist todays date, that Human Trafficking is real. Trafficking can happen in almost everyRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1439 Words   |  6 Pages Though it may be receiving more attention in recent years, it could be argued that the complete magnitude of human trafficking is still not fully comprehended. Professor of Epidemiology, Rezaeian Mohsen, has stated that, â€Å"The ultimate intention of human trafficking is to give illegitimate power to a human being in order to force another human being to be a subject of modern slavery i.e. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, etc.† (Mohsen, 2016, p.36). This type of illegitimateRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1080 Words   |  5 Pagesinevitable. The thought of writing my essay was frightening enough but deciding on a topic and searching for sources was a completely different story. After a few sleepless nights, I finally decided on my topic, human trafficking. I chose this topic because I believe human trafficking is a problem not only in America but worldwide and needs to be taken seriously. My strong dislike for research papers is not someth ing to hide but I am hoping for the best for this essay and the class. 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It has been made big market of human trafficking. Human trafficking is the third big benefitted industry in the world. At least million of children using in the prostitution for-profitRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1387 Words   |  6 Pagesyears’ human trafficking has recogn ized as major illegal and problematic activity within the criminal justice system throughout the United States and a majority of the world. Although much attention has been paid to the worldwide aspect of human trafficking it is important to realize its domestic prevalence. According to ------------------ and estimated 200,0000 to 300,000 immigrants are trafficked illegally within the United States from impoverished countries. The topic of human trafficking has provedRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking2103 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Trafficking Introduction The problem of human trafficking affects many countries around the world. In practice, it is a transnational organized crime in which participants have networks in different countries where they source and sell their victims. Human trafficking has adverse effects on the victims as well as the entire society. Accordingly, many countries have implemented different policies in an effort to combat this social concern. Despite these policies and intervention measures, humanRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1168 Words   |  5 Pagesa form of what we know today as human trafficking. The trafficking in persons is a form of modern day slavery, and exploits it’s victims into a slavery type setting such as manual labor or for commercial sex purposes. Many adults and elderly make up a great number of the humans that are trafficked each year, but the general population is children since they are usually helpless and are easier to manipulate since they are still in the ages of lear ning. Trafficking people is a very serious crime and

Literature Review on True and Fair View

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Review on True and Fair View. Answer: Introduction The true and fair view (TFV) concept whose origin can be traced back at least to the Joint Stock Companies Registration and Regulation Act of 1844 (UK), that required preparation of full and fair balance sheets is still integral to corporate financial reporting regimes in the UK and many other English speaking countries of the world. It evolved as a device for curtailing the unscrupulous activities of corporate opportunists that impeded the efficient functioning of corporate capitalism - a modern western European phenomenon which originated in the sixteenth century and was exported to the rest of the world by political colonialism and economic empire-building (Zeff, 2016). Since the issuance of the European Communitys Fourth Directive in July 1978, this concept has also been extended to the nations of the European Economic Community5 and more recently adopted by the Nordic countries as well.6 Notwithstanding the widespread application of this term, its interpretation has been the sub ject of dispute between accountants and lawyers ever since it was formally introduced by the Companies Act 1948 (UK) and the purpose served by it remains unclear. In Australia, the TFV concept has been in the companies legislation since the Victorian Companies Act of 1890.8 Following the amendments to the Corporations Law 1989 emanating from the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program 1997-1998; however, its status has been subordinated by the Australian accounting standards. The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) now makes compliance with accounting standards mandatory (s296) and the TFV requirement is to be satisfied through the notes, only if necessary (s297). In addition, the statutory provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (previously referred to as the Corporations Law) that supported the TFV requirement (old s294 and Schedule 5) have also been repealed. The true and fair view concept is one of two competing but not mutually exclusive legal or professional standards for financial reporting quality that have been subject to debate on their meaning, use and importance. The other is present fairly in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. While the former is closely identified with judgment and is used in the European Union, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand, the latter is the standard for United States financial reporting and tends to be more rules based. The true and fair view legal requirement either overrides other financial reporting requirements (EU3 and Singapore) or is additional (Australia and New Zealand). Australia has similar colonial roots and tended to follow the U.K. example, especially in early legislation (Man Ciurea, 2016). However, both countries appear to be moving away from true and fair as a literal concept to a more technical meaning that also requires compliance with a set of rules include d a schedule of rules for auditing and accounting, together with the overriding requirement for a true and fair view. However, the Companies Act 1993, in conjunction with the Financial Reporting Act 1993, requires financial statements that comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) with an additional requirement of true and fair view. Prior to the passing of the 1993 Acts, it was suggested that companies could use the legislative power of true and fair view to avoid complying with GAAP. It is claimed that the 1993 legislation effectively removed this option for companies that are reporting entities. Thus the true and fair view rule is no longer overriding, but co-exists with GAAP in that, while complying with GAAP is a legal requirement, directors still have the obligation to provide additional information to ensure that the financial reports represent substance as well as form. Following a diverging path from U.K. influences, the scholars also uses the terms fairly reflect and fair presentation and states that the terms are equivalent. This may possibly signal a move away from true and fair view towards the U.S.A. requirement for fair presentation. The mainly prescriptive literature suggests that countries that require compliance with true and fair view tend to address and interpret the concept according to country-specific historical, social, cultural, legal, political and economic roots and environments. This has been confirmed by earlier empirical research. Thus the concept has been described as a formula for international disharmony and as an exercise in dehumanization. Yet the disharmony may not be confined to different national cultures, but may include within-country groups. If terms such as true and fair view and present fairly have different meanings for different participants in financial accounting, they may contribute to an expectations gap. This gap is defined here as the difference between the perceptions and expectations users have of general purpose financial statements quality and meaning, and the quality and meaning of general purpose financial statements the accounting profession prepares and audits. Nobes (2 015) describes this succinctly as the gap between what financial statements mean and what many non-accountants think they mean. Although the audit expectation gap has been extensively researched, the financial reporting gap has the potential to be more extensive and more misleading to users. The audit gap arises from differing interpretations of an auditors role, whereas the financial reporting gap may exist because of a persistent lack of truth in GAAP itself or from a gap in perceptions of standards for financial reporting quality held by financial statement users, preparers and auditors The true and fair view concept has not been authoritatively defined. Some approaches to definition consider true and fair view in relationship to its individual components. The scholars raise the question of whether the terms true and fair together amount to more than their separate parts and suggests neither presupposes the other. Although Nobes and Parkers 1991 survey of U.K. auditors concluded that the majority of auditors distinguished between the terms true and fair, their 1991 survey of U.K. directors found most saw true and fair view as a hendiadys. () found Australian directors also did not distinguish between true and fair. Tracing the true and fair view concepts history in Australia, Parker (1994) concluded that the term had become an exercise in deharmonisation between Australia and the U.K. Scholars came to a similar conclusion when they compared the U.K. findings of Nobes and Parker (1991) on auditor perceptions with those of an Australian study. As reported by () the survey of Australian auditors found, in contrast to Nobes and Parkers U.K. findings, that only 7 per cent of Australian auditors as opposed to 80 per cent (U.K.) distinguished true from fair. Piketty and Ganser (2014) saw this difference as evidence that the attitudes to true and fair view in the two countries differed as a result of accounting practices drawing apart, con- firming the cultural and contextual nature of accounting. Giordano-Spring, Martinez and Vidal (2015), found that, like their Australian counterparts, most New Zealand auditors also saw true and fair as a hendiadys. This result is also consistent with much of the descriptive literature. In the US we have recently witnessed the collapses of Enron and WorldCom. In Australia we have had HIH, One.Tel and Harris Scarfe. While there has been a tendency to blame the auditors, these disasters have not been caused by auditing practices. Bad management is inevitably a root cause. But misleading accounts serve to exacerbate the destruction, with investors buying and selling on the stock exchange unaware of what the accounts are failing to disclose (Denoncourt, 2015). Something is seriously wrong when the financial statements of apparently healthy but, in reality, doomed companies have largely complied with the demands of accounting standards. The Corporations Act 2001 requires that financial reports of Australian public companies to both comply with accounting standards and give "a true and fair view" of the financial position and performance of the company. If there is a conflict between the two requirements, then the true and fair view must be reflected through further information incorporated in the notes to the accounts. The explanatory memorandum which accompanied the 1998 amendments to the Corporations Law, inserting a reference, for the first time, to "the financial position and performance of the company", stated that this approach was viewed as being consistent with "information that is relevant to the assessment of performance, financial position and financing and investing" (Edwards, 2013). A move to market value and economically realistic accounting, through a "mark to market" approach, is necessary to give such a true and fair view. Some say that this would bring in too much subjectivity and too much judgemen t and ought therefore to be categorically rejected. There is no agreement or authoritative court judgments on what true and fair view means. The requirement is to give a true and fair view not the true and fair view, so that there may be a range of acceptable views in any given case. But just because we cannot find a one size fits all definition doesn't mean that we are entitled to render the concept totally devoid of content and therefore useless. Whether or not mark to market accounting is adopted, it is beyond argument that in many cases compliance with accounting standards can and does produce grotesque and misleading accounts that in no way comply with the true and fair view requirement (Giordano-Spring, Martinez Vidal, 2015). It's clear from recent evidence that, in practice, those who audit our companies either don't understand, or, more alarmingly, choose to ignore their legally mandated obligations to do just that. The ability to sidestep such crucial legislative requirements is made possible by the fact that the ASIC either cannot, or will not, enforce the law. The ASIC believes it would be a very heavy burden to require every board of directors to separately enquire whether any set of accounts which complies with accounting standards also reflects a true and fair view. Yet the assumption of this burden is a legal requirement. In failing to enforce the law, the ASIC is suggesting that it is never possible to demonstrate that directors did not take all reasonable steps to comply with the true and fair view requirement (Lee, 2015). Australia is not alone, and certainly not the worst offender. Until recently in the US heavy reliance has been placed on accounting standards, there having been no requirement to provide a true and fair view. Using as an example aircraft market prices pre and post September 11, 2001, Walter Schuetze, the former chief accountant of the Securities and Exchange Commiss ion, highlighted the problems with the US approach in his testimony to a Senate committee earlier this year. Pre September 11, the major airlines, to the extent that they own aircraft instead of leasing them, had, on their balance sheets, aircraft at the cost of acquiring them. Post September 11, the market prices of each aircraft fell about 50 per cent say from $100 million to $50 million. Yet, under the US rules, those airlines continue to report each aircraft on their balance sheets at $100 million. Under mark to market accounting, he claims, each aircraft would be reported on the balance sheets at its real value of $50 million. It is no wonder, given recent events that the law in the US has recently changed to require CEOs and CFOs to certify, in effect, their belief that the company's accounts are true and fair. The real challenge for all of us now is to persuade directors, auditors and the ASIC to better understand what the law requires and to encourage the ASIC to take appropriate steps to enforce it (Maynard, 2013). The current debate highlights just how poorly served the investi ng public is by auditors. In other markets, we have focus groups to ensure that the customer's needs are targeted and satisfied. In the securities market the investor is the customer. But, in this market, unlike any other, the customer continues to be patronised by the arcane world of auditing practices, and doubly so because of the ASIC's failure to police accounts according to legislative requirements. Reference List and Bibliography Ahmed, W. (2013). Analysis of Factors Present in Financial Reporting Standards Leading to Manipulate True Fair View of an Entity's Financial Statements.Browser Download This Paper. Blankespoor, E., Linsmeier, T. J., Petroni, K. R., Shakespeare, C. (2013). Fair value accounting for financial instruments: Does it improve the association between bank leverage and credit risk?.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1143-1177. Burton, G. F., Jermakowicz, E. K. (2015).International Financial Reporting Standards: A Framework-Based Perspective. Routledge. Caria, A. A., Silva, A. M., Gomes, D. R. R., Oliveira, L. C. A. M. (2016). Accounting as an Information System. InMBA(pp. 125-156). Springer International Publishing. Chambers, R. L. (Ed.). (2014).An accounting thesaurus: 500 years of accounting. Elsevier. Denoncourt, J. A. (2015).Patent-backed debt finance: should company law take the lead to provide a" true and fair" view of SME patent assets?(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham). Edwards, J. R. (2013).A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Edwards, J. R. (2014).Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Erb, C., Pelger, C. (2015). Twisting words? A study of the construction and reconstruction of reliability in financial reporting standard-setting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,40, 13-40. Giordano-Spring, S., Martinez, I., Vidal, O. (2015). Historical Cost vs. Fair Value to Measure INCOME in Accounting.Comptabilit-Contrle-Audit,21(3), 119-148. Haupt, M., Ismer, R. (2013). The EU Emissions Trading System under IFRSTowards a True and Fair View.Accounting in Europe,10(1), 71-97. Jiang, J. X., Wang, I. Y., Wangerin, D. (2017). How Does the FASB Make Decisions? Agenda Setting, Individual Board Members, and Fair Value Accounting. Lee, T. A. (2015). Accounting and the decision usefulness framework.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 110. Man, M., Ciurea, M. (2016). Transparency of Accounting Information in Achieving Good Corporate Governance. True View and Fair Value.Social Sciences and Education Research Review,3(1), 41-62. Maynard, J. (2013).Financial accounting, reporting, and analysis. Oxford University Press. Nobes, C. (2015). IFRS Ten Years on: Has the IASB Imposed Extensive Use of Fair Value? Has the EU Learnt to Love IFRS? And Does the Use of Fair Value make IFRS Illegal in the EU?.Accounting in Europe,12(2), 153-170. Onesti, T., Romano, M., Taliento, M. (2015). Acquisition-type or merger-type accounting? Further insights on transactions involving businesses governed by the same party (-ies).FINANCIAL REPORTING. Piketty, T., Ganser, L. J. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Piketty, T., Ganser, L. J. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Zeff, S. A. (2016).Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. Routledge.

Marketing and Customer Orientation free essay sample

Discuss what is meant by the term â€Å"customer orientation† for an organisation in the context of the marketing mix. Please discuss two elements of the marketing mix and illustrate your answer with examples of products or brands of your choice. This essay is for discussing customer orientation and analysis how customer orientation works. During this essay, I will show you what is customer orientation and compare it with other different orientations. In addition, I will talk about marketing mix in customer-oriented organization. Finally, I will show you two brands as example for discussing and comparing about their marketing mix. â€Å"Customer orientation† means an organization, which is running by producing or providing affordable goods or services then making customers satisfying and raise the customer value. â€Å"Competitor orientation† is an opposite mode to compare with â€Å"customer orientation†, as competitor oriented organization, they paid more attention on what did their competitors do and how to do a better work than their competitors. There’s another orientation called †marketing orientation†, it is a kind of mode between customer orientation and competitor orientation, not only concern about what their customer need, also care about how to make them more competitive than their competitor, they do keep a balance in both customer orientation and competitor orientation. As companies and organizations, they need to choose proper marketing tools what are depend on their orientation. So, â€Å"marketing mix† is often crucial when determining a product or brands offer. Normally, â€Å"marketing mix,† means McCarthy‘s 4Ps theory, which is included Price, Product, Promotion, and Place. Afterward, the 4Ps have been expanded to the 7Ps and even more. There is another theory, which is called 4Cs; Robert F. Lauterborn put this theory forward. This theory is involved Customers’ wants and needs, Cost, Communication and Convenience, different with 4Ps and 7Ps theory, the 4Cs put its emphasis on customers as a customer oriented version. Following is some comparing between 4Ps and 4Cs: (Roy McClean, 2012)  ·Consumer wants and needs (vs. Products) You cant develop products and then try to sell them to a mass market. You have to study consumer wants and needs and then attract consumers one by one with something each one wants. Author of the movie Field of Dreams, J. P. Cancilla may have exclusive rights to the phrase build it and they will come. In most cases, you have to find out what people want and then build it for them, their way.  ·Cost to satisfy (vs. Price) You have to realize that price measured in dollars is one part of the cost to satisfy. If you sell hamburgers, for example, you have to consider the cost of driving to your restaurant, the cost of conscience of eating meat, etc. One of the most difficult places to be in the business world is the retailer selling at the lowest price. If you rely strictly on price to compete you are vulnerable to competition in the long term.  ·Convenience to buy (vs. Place) You must think of convenience to buy instead of place. You have to know how each subset of the market prefers to buy on the Internet, from a catalogue, on the phone, using credit cards, etc. Lands End clothing, Amazon Books and Dell Computers are just a few businesses that do very well over the Internet.  ·Communication (vs. Promotion) You have to consider the communication instead of promotion. Promotion is manipulative (ouch! ) its from the seller. Communication requires a give and take between the buyer and seller (thats nicer). Be creative and you can make any advertising interactive. Use phone numbers, your web site address, etc. to help here. And listen to your customers when they are with you. Actually, in my point of view, customer orientation has more advantages and it is good approaches, which can make their products, get into the marketing in a short time. By knowing what do customers need, the companies are able to adjust their marketing strategy as soon as possible for making customers satisfied. Moreover, customer orientation can motivate more creative during the produce. Because the customer oriented organization have undertaken more responsibility of customers, they are able to build a much more positive brand image in customers than other orientation, at the same time, customers can get more choices as well in the customer oriented marketing. As for being a customer oriented organization, marketing research is the most important part, as we know, research is the best way to know customers’ need for reaching customers’ expectation. In addition, classify product into different categories for making customers more convenience during there expend is neccesary, as well as satisfying customers who are in different classes and having consumption habit. What I need to emphasize here is, segmentation is assignable tool to be a customer-oriented organization. Not only it can put their product into an exact marketing positioning, also can make needs of customers into a more specific categories classified. For example, companies can put their customers into different groups by consider about geographical factors, age factors, gender factors, income factors, education background factors, social status factors, personality factors, lifestyle factors, behavior factors, nationality factors, religion factors, occupation factors and more. It is really influence an organization in a positive aspect, like finding out and developing more new business chances, and put their resources into marketing by a proper way. It does increase effective uses of their resources. The customer oriented organizations also need to improve customer value, for example, like providing services more than customers bought, keeping contact with customers even customers do not spend money at their organization at these moments, trying keep customers’ costs lower and lower on their product than a same of other, having actions after customers give advises and complaints†¦ As a successful customer oriented organization, they must earn trust and customer loyalty from their customer as the first step. Then build a strong positive image and finally keep a long-term friendly relationship with their customers. Next, I will show you two different brands and analyze them by marketing mix, from product and promotion these two aspects and simply compare them. Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer based in Arteixo, Galicia, and founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera. It is the flagship chain store of the Inditex group and the worlds largest apparel retailer as well. As we know, the biggest characteristic of Zara is the â€Å"fast fashion† mode. This amazing group can complete a mount of product from design, produce to ready for selling within only 15 days. Moreover, Zara can push over 120000 kinds of style in a year, but only a few mounts for each will be sold in one flagship store. It means, you may not able to find the cloth you had seen it few days ago, and when you were shopping in Zara, you can see the totally different clothes with last week. Actually, Zara is a typical customer oriented organization, they shows the newest fashion to customers even the fashion is just imitative fakes. They can let their customers catch fashion as soon as possible but do not need to afford the expansive costs as buying luxury brand. For these reasons, Zara does not need sales promotion to motivate customers consume, they have already built a strong customer loyalty and own a positive public relations, customers always can get something within their budget at Zara. Also, Zara let all their customers know, most of their clothes are made in Europe for showing their lineage. As for another brand, Gucci is an Italian fashion and leather goods brand, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by French company Kering formerly known as PPR. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921. As everyone knows, Gucci is a luxury brand and lead the top fashion nowadays, their products are only provide to high consumption of social classes by a quiet expansive price. But even the price is not affordable, they still attract a mount of customers by their Luxurious,simpleness and top fashion design. Not only it is a symbol of luxury, it also reflects a high level taste of fashion. There is no doubt that Gucci always keep their products in a superior quality for being a luxury brand. Moreover, Gucci is really good at making use of celebrity effect for raise their brand value, and Gucci always let their customers feeling that, Gucci means the upper class. I have to say, it is really a smart promotion method, which combine public relations and advertising —— make a equal between their brand image and luxurious by let celebrities to be their advertise. So even I do not think Gucci is a pure customer orientation, they do make a great success in their field. Actually, Zara and Gucci are both fashion brand but have total different marketing positioning. Gucci is in a brand group who truly lead the top fashion, and produce high-end and exquisite product. Different with Gucci, Zara is just produce â€Å"fake fashion† by imitate, but can make a huge profit by the marketing mode. I cannot decide which one is better, but they are both successful that we cannot deny. In the paragraphs above, I have talked definitions about customer orientation, competitor orientation and marketing orientation. Then, I discussed about marketing mix and compared 4Ps theory and 4Cs theory. Afterward, I talked about advantages and necessary elements for being a customer oriented organization. At the final part of my essay, there are two successful brand were showed by me and I compare the different mode of them in the last paragraph.